Hydrologic (Water) Cycle An Overview

The hydrologic cycle is the process, powered by the suns energy, which moves water between the oceans, the sky, and the land. We can start our examination of the hydrologic cycle with the oceans, which hold over 97% of the planets water. The sun causes evaporation of water on the surface of the ocean. The water vapor rises and condenses into tiny droplets which cling to dust particles. These droplets form clouds. Water vapor usually remains in the atmosphere for a short time, from a few hours to a few days until it turns into precipitation and falls to the earth as rain, snow, sleet, or hail. Some precipitation falls onto the land and is absorbed (infiltration) or becomes surface runoff which gradually flows into gullies, streams, lakes, or rivers. Water in streams and rivers flows to the ocean, seeps into the ground, or evaporates back into the atmosphere. Water in the soil can be absorbed by plants and is then transferred to the atmosphere by a process known as transpiration. Water from the soil is evaporated into the atmosphere. These processes are collectively known as evapotranspiration. Some water in the soil seeps downward into a zone of porous rock which contains groundwater. A permeable underground rock layer which is capable of storing, transmitting, and supplying significant amounts of water is known as an aquifer. More precipitation than evaporation or evapotranspiration occurs over the land but most of the earths evaporation (86%) and precipitation (78%) take place over the oceans. The amount of precipitation and evaporation is balanced throughout the world. While specific areas of the earth have more precipitation and less evaporation than others, and the reverse is also true, on a global scale over a few year period, everything balances out. The locations of the water on the earth is fascinating. You can see from the list below that very little water is among us in lakes, the soil and especially rivers. World Water Supply by Location Oceans - 97.08%Ice Sheets and Glaciers - 1.99%Ground Water - 0.62%Atmosphere - 0.29%Lakes (Fresh) - 0.01%Inland Seas and Salt Water Lakes - 0.005%Soil Moisture - 0.004%Rivers - 0.001% Only during the ice ages are there noticeable differences in the location of water storage on the earth. During these cold cycles, there is less water stored in the oceans and more in ice sheets and glaciers. It can take an individual molecule of water from a few days to thousands of years to complete the hydrologic cycle from ocean to atmosphere to land to ocean again as it can be trapped in ice for a long time. For scientists, five main processes are included in the hydrologic cycle: 1) condensation, 2) precipitation, 3) infiltration, 4) runoff, and 5) evapotranspiration. The continuous circulation of water in the ocean, in the atmosphere, and on the land is fundamental to the availability of water on the planet.

The Character Achilles in Homers The Iliad - 993 Words

The Character Achilles in Homers The Iliad The first book of The Iliad, appropriately titled the Rage of Achilles, sets the scene for the remainder of the epic (selu.edu/Academics/Depts/WritingCenter/The_Growth_of_Achilles.htm). This rage is invoked by pride, a theme of pivotal importance for the Greeks. Pride is the source of the conflict between Achilles and Agamemnon in Book 1. The incident that provoked Achilles rage took place in the tenth and final year of the Achaean attack on Troy. The king is angered by what he sees as a challenge to his authority. He is furious at Calchas for indicting Agamemnon as the cause of the plague. Rather than graciously admit his mistake, the king becomes monstrous and demands compensation for†¦show more content†¦Hector killed him. This drove Achilles over the edge and he entered the battle to kill Patroclus killer -- which he did. Achilles continues to mutilate the corpse of Hector, while the gods continue to preserve it (Approaches of Teaching Homers Iliad). Finally, the gods agree that Achilles should accept an immense ransom for the return of the body, so Hermes guides Priam to Achilles tent, so that Priam can make his case, and present his ransom, in person. (thinkquest.org/library/site_sum.html?tname=23057url=23057/iliad4.html). Priam pleads with Achilles to remember his mortal parent, and recognize that every human being, even the most blessed and most powerful king, must suffer loss just as Achilles has. Achilles is still angry and still willful: he declares himself ready to disobey the gods, should he so choose, and he gives Priam instructions as to the precise limits of what he will and will not bear (astro.temple.edu/~rguay/iliad3.pdf). In short, he is himself. But his rage has finally abated. He can share his pain with another, and he is ready to go on living, even though that means he must be ready to die soon. Priam must realize, Achilleus implies, that there is no human achievement whatsoever unless Zeus allows it. The power of Zeus is supreme. In the end the Muse conveys in the Iliad, the glory of Achilleus is secure, in spite of, and because of, the will of Zeus (Approaches of Teaching HomersShow MoreRelatedEssay on Main Characters in Homers The Iliad, Achilles and Hector590 Words   |  3 Pages Two of the main characters in Homeramp;#8217;s The Iliad, Achilles and Hector, compare very differently in many ways. Although they were both war heroes, they came from different sides of the battle and fought each other under different beliefs. These two brave warriors fought to the death in Book 22, where Hector eventually lost to Achilles. Even though Hector lost the fight, the war still raged on, even less merciful than before. These two warriors were similar in a few ways, but mostly veryRead MoreThe Iliad Of The Homer s Iliad Essay1475 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iliad ranks as one of the most important and most influential works in terms of world literatures since its establishment. Between the underlying standard to which the Iliad offers us as audience members, along with the plethora of writers that have followed in the footsteps to which Homer’s Iliad paved, the impact that the Iliad has played is remarkable in itself. While the Iliad can be credited for much of pre sent day literature we study today, Hollywood can be created for the plethora ofRead MoreTroy vs. the Iliad Essay1398 Words   |  6 PagesOver the thousands of years that the epic story the Iliad has survived, there has no doubt been some form of alteration to Homers original. Last May, Wolfgang Petersen directed a movie based on the Iliad. This movie, Troy, has proven to be a very loose adaptation of Homers original, as are almost all stories that are made into movies, unfortunately. With its timeless storyline, amazing scenery, gorgeous actors/actresses and most of all, its reported two hundred million dollar budget, it is easyRead MoreIliad - Self image1193 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿The Iliad Essay Prompt 1. Complete one take home essay. Provide textual evidence, specific lines and incidents from The Iliad that proves your thesis. You may also draw from The Odyssey. Use in text parenthetical documentation according to MLA standards. The style guide that many colleges use is DianaHacker.com. We will use this style guide for both MLA format and grammar and mechanics. If you have any questions about MLA format, refer to DianaHacker.com. This paper needs to read asRead More Troy vs. The Iliad Essays1385 Words   |  6 PagesTroy vs. The Iliad Over the thousands of years that the epic story the Iliad has survived, there has no doubt been some form of alteration to Homer’s original. Last May, Wolfgang Petersen directed a movie based on the Iliad. This movie, Troy, has proven to be a very loose adaptation of Homer’s original, as are almost all stories that are made into movies, unfortunately. With its timeless storyline, amazing scenery, gorgeous actors/actresses and most of all, its reported two hundred millionRead MoreEssay on A Review of the Movie Troy808 Words   |  4 Pagesoffice hit. Troy, based on the Iliad, has proven to be a very loose adaptation of Homers classic and one cannot help noticing the major differences between the book and the movie. One of the most noticeable differences between the book and the movie is the absence of the Gods. In Homers Iliad, the Gods played a major part in the Trojan War. Though the viewers are made aware that the characters believe in the Gods, the only God we see in the movie is Thetis, Achilles mother. The omission of theRead MoreExamples Of Glory And Glory In The Iliad1054 Words   |  5 PagesHaley Vinson English 271 December 4, 2017 Glory and Honor in Homer’s Iliad Thesis: Great honor comes with great responsibility. Glory should come with wisdom. Homer presents this idea in various ways. This theme is woven through The Iliad showing the foundation of dignified heroes and self-glorification. Introduction: I. Honor and glory A. Heroic actions B. God-like glory II. Social Status A. Greek Society B. Recognition and influences III. Mortality and immortality A. Glory afterRead MoreThe Iliad: Literary Analysis1552 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iliad: Literary Analysis Throughout The Iliad, an epic poem written by Homer, there were numerous warriors and other characters that could be looked upon as heroes; some of these heroes included Achilles, Ajax, Diomedes, Hector, and Glaucus. All of these individuals were heroes because of their remarkable mental and physical strength: they were courageous and were better fighters in war than other ordinary men. The trade of battle was a way of life to the Greeks back in Homer’s time. ChildrenRead MoreJustice and Love in the Iliad 959 Words   |  4 Pagesand the use of force in the Iliad, in all of its brutality, violence, and bitterness bathes the work in the light of love and justice (pg 25). The point Weil is making is that by depicting the suffering of all of these men regardless of their side, or strength Homer equalizes them in a â€Å"condition common to all men†(pg 25). Because Homer equalizes them the reader can feel empathy, or at least compassion for all of the men. However while W eil is correct about how Homer’s descriptions of war and forceRead MoreThe Era Of Homer By Homer911 Words   |  4 Pagessomewhere around 8th century BC and was possibly one of the first literate authors. Other theories suggest that he only spoke his epics and they were put into writing by others. Homer’s stories show us the first glimpse of documented information of Greek myth and religion. Most important was the creation of Homer’s writing style named the Homeric epic. He was the first author to write epics and his writing style held strongly as the first major literature of its type in western civilization.

Business Cycle Theory Survey Of Methods â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Business Cycle Theory Survey Of Methods? Answer: Introducation In economics, the term economies of scale takes into account the phenomenon of decrease in the cost of production, on average terms, with the gradual increase in the scale of production of goods and services by any enterprise. In other words, as a company goes no expanding and increasing its production, if its average cost of production goes on decreasing eventually, then the company is said to achieve economies of scale. Economies of scale can be of two types, external as well as internal. Internal economies of scale usually occur when a firm itself reduces its cost of production and enjoys an increased production. This is entirely specific to the firm. On the other hand, external economies of scale occurs when the industry, of which the firm is a part, as a whole experiences cost effectiveness and efficiency due to increased scope of operations (David Myers CEcD 2015). Economies of scale, though can be found in many market structures, is of large importance in those markets where it is good to have a natural monopoly. In several scenarios, it may so happen that the presence of a single large firm in an industry is more efficient in terms of cost production and pricing aspects as the presence of more than one firm may increase the cost of productions for both the firms and none can enjoy economies of scale (Lewis 2013). If the commodity provided by that industry is of necessary or merit in nature, like electricity, then it is better to allow only one big firm to enjoy economies of scale and become a natural monopolist such that it can provide the commodity at a much cheaper price due to its low cost of production. It can be seen from the above diagram. As can be seen from the case study provided, the airlines industry in Australia, before the collapse of the Ansett group was more of a duopoly-structured industry with both the competitors Quantas and Ansett, enjoying nearly same market power and a considerable size of the market. However, in 2002-2003, after the collapse of the Ansett group and the emergence of the Virgin Blue group, though apparently the market structure remained of that of a duopoly, it can be considered to be an industry with one and a half enterprises (Aph.gov.au, 2017). This is because, the Quantas emerged as the more powerful and expansive and cash rich one with larger domain of operations. Virgin Blue on the other side, though started as a moderately sized enterprise, was seen to be gaining market importance in the market in spite of their services being limited and constricted, the restraints being imposed by the enterprise purposefully (Varian 2014). As can be seen from the above figure, if only one single firm would have been present in the market, under monopolistic situation, the profit of the firm would have been OP0SN, under Cornot Duopoly Model. However, with the advent of another firm, the profit of the first firm decreases to OP1CN as the price falls due to competition between the two firms. The profit of the second firm becomes NHCD (Carf and Perrone 2013). This can be related to the scenario prevailing in the aviation industry in Australia in 2002-2003, with two prominent competitors in the market. Cornot however assumes zero cost of production, which is purely hypothetical and not true for this case. However, the profits of the firms get shared as suggested by the above diagram. The business cycle of a country shows the dynamics in the economy of that country with time, including both the positive and the adverse ones, which can be seen from the performance of the country with respect to the economic indicators like the growth rates of GDP, inflation and the overall level of unemployment (Gabisch and Lorenz 2013). In this context, taking reference to the data provided for the economy of France in the current period, it can be interpreted that the economy is in its recovery phase of the business cycle. The economy went to a severe recessionary situation, in 2008-2010, much of which can be attributed to the occurrence of the Global Economic Crisis during that period of time, which had immense negative implications on the European countries as a while (Sherman 2014). The economy, with the government budget hitting as low as -7.2 during that time, is seen to slowly recover from the shock, though the budget is still in deficit, the magnitude being much less (-3.4). The GDP growth rate of the country is still low (0.4%). However, the unemployment rate prevailing in the economy has decreased from 10% to 9.6% and there has also been a moderate decrease in the rate of inflation, from 1.2% to 0.8% in the recent times. Thus, it can be asserted that the economy, though not performing extraordinarily, is c onsistently coming out of the recessionary situation and is currently in the recovery period of the business cycle. The current phase of recovery of the economy of France can be represented with the help of the AD AS Model: With the recovery in the economy, as can be seen from the improvement in the budget statistics and the decrease in the unemployment scenario, the aggregate demand of the economy is expected to increase. As can be seen from the above figure, with the increase in the government budget and the decrease in the trends of unemployment, the aggregate demand is expected to increase slowly, which in turn is expected to increase the GDP as well as the overall price levels. Persistence of this trend may help in increasing the supply in the economy in the long run (Benigno 2015). Economic growth, according to the AD AS model, can be achieved if both the management demand as well as the aggregate supply goes on increasing sustainably in the economy, such that the long term goals can be achieved. The aggregate demand consists of investment expenditures, consumption expenditures, government spending and net exports. Increase in these factors helps in increasing the aggregate demand, which in turn facilitates increase in the aggregate supply. In this context, France can experience economic growth by decreasing the interest rates, thereby facilitating investments in the economy. The government can also increase its investments in sectors like health, education and infrastructure, which helps in long-term capacity building, thereby contributing to the economic growth of the country. Employment generation is also a key method for economic growth as it facilitates increase in the aggregate household consumption spending, thereby contributing to the increase in the aggregate demand, which in turn increases the aggregate supply, thereby taking the economy on the path of sustained long term economic growth (Benigno 2015). The policy taken by Macron, regarding the reforms in the labor market of France, is that of deregulation in order to make the labor market activities more flexible. However, the policy, though targeted to increase the number of good jobs available in the market of the economy, does not specifically work towards that goal (Theweek.com, 2017). In this context, a more fruitful policy would have been investing in the development of the skills of the workers and the infrastructure in the economy, which facilitates creation of new jobs. As can be said with the help of the Cobweb Model, an increase in the skill development of the workers and a better infrastructure, in short run may create fluctuations in the labor market due to alterations in the wages and demand for more skilled workers. However, in the long run, stability can be achieved in the labor market in the following way: As can be seen from the above diagram, the Cobweb Model suggests that due to the investment in education and infrastructure, which augments the skill and efficiency of the workers, in the long run the supply as well as the demand for skilled labors increase. This in turn pushes up the real wage rate from W0 to W1 (Ehrenberg and Smith 2016). A higher wage rate, in its turn, increases the purchasing power, thereby increasing the aggregate demand in the economy: The increase in the AD, leads to an increase in the AS too, which in turn creates more scopes of employment, income generation and again an increase in the AD. This cycle goes on continuing such that in long run the economy moves to the point E1, on the Long Run supply Curve. Thus, the policy of investing on the skill development and enhancement of the workers would have been proved to be more beneficial, had it been implemented properly (Benigno 2015). References Aph.gov.au (2017).Australian Airline Industry Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0203/03RP10#dthe [Accessed 28 Sep. 2017]. Benigno, P., 2015. New-Keynesian Economics: An ASAD View.Research in Economics,69(4), pp.503-524. Carf, D. and Perrone, E., 2013. Asymmetric Cournot duopoly: A game complete analysis.Journal of Reviews on Global Economics,2, pp.194-202. David Myers CEcD, M.A., 2015. economies of scale.Economic Development Journal,14(3), p.11. Ehrenberg, R.G. and Smith, R.S., 2016.Modern labor economics: Theory and public policy. Routledge. Gabisch, G. and Lorenz, H.W., 2013.Business cycle theory: a survey of methods and concepts. Springer Science Business Media. Lewis, W.A., 2013.Theory of economic growth(Vol. 7). Routledge. Sherman, H.J., 2014.The business cycle: growth and crisis under capitalism. civil-engineering University Press. Theweek.com (2017).Emmanuel Macron has misdiagnosed France's ailing economy. [online] Theweek.com. Available at: https://theweek.com/articles/705135/emmanuel-macron-misdiagnosed-frances-ailing-economy [Accessed 28 Sep. 2017]. Varian, H.R., 2014.Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company.